Functions
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Defining and Calling Functions
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func greet(person: String) -> String {
let greeting = "Hello, " + person + "!"
return greeting
}
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print(greet(person: "Anna"))
// Prints "Hello, Anna!"
print(greet(person: "Brian"))
// Prints "Hello, Brian!"
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func greetAgain(person: String) -> String {
return "Hello again, " + person + "!"
}
print(greetAgain(person: "Anna"))
// Prints "Hello again, Anna!"
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Functions Without Parameters
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func sayHelloWorld() -> String {
return "hello, world"
}
print(sayHelloWorld())
// Prints "hello, world"
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Functions With Multiple Parameters
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func greet(person: String, alreadyGreeted: Bool) -> String {
if alreadyGreeted {
return greetAgain(person: person)
} else {
return greet(person: person)
}
}
print(greet(person: "Tim", alreadyGreeted: true))
// Prints "Hello again, Tim!"
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Functions Without Return Values
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func greet(person: String) {
print("Hello, \(person)!")
}
greet(person: "Dave")
// Prints "Hello, Dave!"
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func printAndCount(string: String) -> Int {
print(string)
return string.count
}
func printWithoutCounting(string: String) {
let _ = printAndCount(string: string)
}
printAndCount(string: "hello, world")
// prints "hello, world" and returns a value of 12
printWithoutCounting(string: "hello, world")
// prints "hello, world" but does not return a value
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Functions with Multiple Return Values
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func minMax(array: [Int]) -> (min: Int, max: Int) {
var currentMin = array[0]
var currentMax = array[0]
for value in array[1..<array.count] {
if value < currentMin {
currentMin = value
} else if value > currentMax {
currentMax = value
}
}
return (currentMin, currentMax)
}
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let bounds = minMax(array: [8, -6, 2, 109, 3, 71])
print("min is \(bounds.min) and max is \(bounds.max)")
// Prints "min is -6 and max is 109"
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Optional Tuple Return Types
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func minMax(array: [Int]) -> (min: Int, max: Int)? {
if array.isEmpty { return nil }
var currentMin = array[0]
var currentMax = array[0]
for value in array[1..<array.count] {
if value < currentMin {
currentMin = value
} else if value > currentMax {
currentMax = value
}
}
return (currentMin, currentMax)
}
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if let bounds = minMax(array: [8, -6, 2, 109, 3, 71]) {
print("min is \(bounds.min) and max is \(bounds.max)")
}
// Prints "min is -6 and max is 109"
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Functions With an Implicit Return
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func greeting(for person: String) -> String {
"Hello, " + person + "!"
}
print(greeting(for: "Dave"))
// Prints "Hello, Dave!"
func anotherGreeting(for person: String) -> String {
return "Hello, " + person + "!"
}
print(anotherGreeting(for: "Dave"))
// Prints "Hello, Dave!"
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Function Argument Labels and Parameter Names
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func someFunction(firstParameterName: Int, secondParameterName: Int) {
// In the function body, firstParameterName and secondParameterName
// refer to the argument values for the first and second parameters.
}
someFunction(firstParameterName: 1, secondParameterName: 2)
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Specifying Argument Labels
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func someFunction(argumentLabel parameterName: Int) {
// In the function body, parameterName refers to the argument value
// for that parameter.
}
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func greet(person: String, from hometown: String) -> String {
return "Hello \(person)! Glad you could visit from \(hometown)."
}
print(greet(person: "Bill", from: "Cupertino"))
// Prints "Hello Bill! Glad you could visit from Cupertino."
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Omitting Argument Labels
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func someFunction(_ firstParameterName: Int, secondParameterName: Int) {
// In the function body, firstParameterName and secondParameterName
// refer to the argument values for the first and second parameters.
}
someFunction(1, secondParameterName: 2)
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Default Parameter Values
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func someFunction(parameterWithoutDefault: Int, parameterWithDefault: Int = 12) {
// If you omit the second argument when calling this function, then
// the value of parameterWithDefault is 12 inside the function body.
}
someFunction(parameterWithoutDefault: 3, parameterWithDefault: 6) // parameterWithDefault is 6
someFunction(parameterWithoutDefault: 4) // parameterWithDefault is 12
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Variadic Parameters
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func arithmeticMean(_ numbers: Double...) -> Double {
var total: Double = 0
for number in numbers {
total += number
}
return total / Double(numbers.count)
}
arithmeticMean(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
// returns 3.0, which is the arithmetic mean of these five numbers
arithmeticMean(3, 8.25, 18.75)
// returns 10.0, which is the arithmetic mean of these three numbers
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In-Out Parameters
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func swapTwoInts(_ a: inout Int, _ b: inout Int) {
let temporaryA = a
a = b
b = temporaryA
}
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var someInt = 3
var anotherInt = 107
swapTwoInts(&someInt, &anotherInt)
print("someInt is now \(someInt), and anotherInt is now \(anotherInt)")
// Prints "someInt is now 107, and anotherInt is now 3"
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Function Types
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func addTwoInts(_ a: Int, _ b: Int) -> Int {
return a + b
}
func multiplyTwoInts(_ a: Int, _ b: Int) -> Int {
return a * b
}
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func printHelloWorld() {
print("hello, world")
}
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Using Function Types
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var mathFunction: (Int, Int) -> Int = addTwoInts
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print("Result: \(mathFunction(2, 3))")
// Prints "Result: 5"
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mathFunction = multiplyTwoInts
print("Result: \(mathFunction(2, 3))")
// Prints "Result: 6"
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let anotherMathFunction = addTwoInts
// anotherMathFunction is inferred to be of type (Int, Int) -> Int
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Function Types as Parameter Types
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func printMathResult(_ mathFunction: (Int, Int) -> Int, _ a: Int, _ b: Int) {
print("Result: \(mathFunction(a, b))")
}
printMathResult(addTwoInts, 3, 5)
// Prints "Result: 8"
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Function Types as Return Types
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func stepForward(_ input: Int) -> Int {
return input + 1
}
func stepBackward(_ input: Int) -> Int {
return input - 1
}
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func chooseStepFunction(backward: Bool) -> (Int) -> Int {
return backward ? stepBackward : stepForward
}
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var currentValue = 3
let moveNearerToZero = chooseStepFunction(backward: currentValue > 0)
// moveNearerToZero now refers to the stepBackward() function
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print("Counting to zero:")
// Counting to zero:
while currentValue != 0 {
print("\(currentValue)... ")
currentValue = moveNearerToZero(currentValue)
}
print("zero!")
// 3...
// 2...
// 1...
// zero!
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Nested Functions
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func chooseStepFunction(backward: Bool) -> (Int) -> Int {
func stepForward(input: Int) -> Int { return input + 1 }
func stepBackward(input: Int) -> Int { return input - 1 }
return backward ? stepBackward : stepForward
}
var currentValue = -4
let moveNearerToZero = chooseStepFunction(backward: currentValue > 0)
// moveNearerToZero now refers to the nested stepForward() function
while currentValue != 0 {
print("\(currentValue)... ")
currentValue = moveNearerToZero(currentValue)
}
print("zero!")
// -4...
// -3...
// -2...
// -1...
// zero!
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